Brand Effect on Consumer Behavior
Influence of Brand Effect
The influence of brand effect on consumer behavior:
Irish and Chinese consumers in Ireland
This paper discusses the influence of brand effect on consumption behavior of the Irish and Chinese in Ireland. Since shopping and purchase decision are affect by many sociological factors, the factors that influence the Chinese and the Irish in Ireland may be inherently distinct. While the Chinese population in Dublin is only a small part of the total population, they are becoming an important cultural force in the city, which can have an effect on Ireland’s economy. Brand loyalty can influence purchasing behavior, however, this paper will attempt to show that Consumer purchases are strongly influenced by cultural, social, personal, and psychological characteristics as opposed to brand names.
Keywords Brand effect, Chinese consumers, Irish consumers, brand loyalty
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
Brand effect is the ability of a company to build a certain level of trust in their products. Brand effect and brand loyalty are essentially the same thing since being aware of a brand makes no difference to a company if the consumer doesn’t plan on buying that brand again. Brand loyalty has been steadily decreasing among consumers over the past few years, which is due to price competition, a wider variety of products, and the ability to research many different brands due to consumer magazines and the Internet. Arguably, one of the most cited conceptual definitions of brand loyalty comes from Jacoby and Chestnut (1978): “The biased, behavioral response, expressed over time, by some decision-making unit, with respect to one or more alternative brands out of a set of such brands, and is a function of psychological (decision-making, evaluative) processes.”
Shopping and purchase decision area affected by many sociological factors. Many studies have attempted to identify if and how informal social groups influence the brand preferences of their members. Stafford (1966) notes that the results suggest, first of all, that consumers are influenced by such groups and second, that the extent and degree of brand loyalty behavior within a group is more closely related to the behavior of the informal leader than to the cohesiveness of the group (1966).
According to a 1997 article featured in The Economist, approximately 100 million people live outside of their native lands. Thirteen years later, it is safe to say that this number has only increased with globalization. As people move away from their native cultures, familiar traditions of their countries are broken. Many of these travelers leave in hopes of finding a better life in their desired destination, but they also look backward on their homes and their own cultures and traditions when they are leaving. Kilduff and Corley (1999) suggest that it is “that backward glance” that may have “very powerful reverberations” (1999). The dispersal of populations resulting from these exile populations represent continuous processes with very significant implications for economic development and cultural change. Kotkin (1992) posits that the development of distinctive civilizations depends greatly on the knowledge and experiences brought over boundaries by the members of different cultures. There has been a lot of attention paid to the impact of exiles on cultures of destination, especially the effect of migrants from poor countries on the economies of richer countries.
Ireland is its own geographic, political and legal entity, but the Irish culture extends much further beyond those boundaries to encompass the virtual community of people who identity with the Irish culture. Kilduff and Corey (1999) notes that Irish people have tended to migrate from their own country to other countries for well over the past 150 years. Because of this exile, there are a lot more people of Irish descent living outside Ireland than living in Ireland. The population of the 26 counties that comprise the Republic of Ireland has dramatically decreased since the Great Famine (1999).
Ireland has been called a nation of immigrants and in 2004 Business Week reported that there were approximately 60,000 Chinese living in Ireland. This influx of Chinese across Ireland shows two specific trends in globalization: “the outward spread of China’s people as well as its goods, and the transformation of Ireland to a nation of immigrants” (2004). While these 60,000 Chinese immigrants may sound like a small amount to most Americans, according to a 2002 Irish census (the first time anyone ever questioned nationality), there were 47,500 registered immigrants and 18,000 of those were returning Irish. However, for a country of approximately 3.9 million at the time, the figure was enormous (2004). “On a per-capita basis, it’s more than four times the immigration rate of the U.S. And the official data underestimate the true scale of immigration” (2004).
The Chinese population in Dublin is only a small segment of the total population, but they are becoming an important cultural force in the city. What lured the Chinese immigrants to Ireland (and keeps luring them) is the economy as well Ireland’s schools. As of 2004, 200,000 international students were coming each year to study in Ireland. The vast majority of Chinese who go to Ireland go for the schools that specialize in teaching the English language. The United States’ clampdown on student visas was another reason for the influx of Chinese to Ireland. The question then becomes, because of the large Chinese population in Ireland, what effects has this had on Ireland’s consumption of consumer products? When people immerse themselves into a different culture, they invariably bring along pieces of their own culture. However, it is necessary that the population also adapt to other consumer products that they may not be familiar with at all. Thus the people coming and the people already there will be introduced to new products and because of the shift in cultures and population, the people who are marketing to consumers must also make shifts if they want to continue to sell their brands.
Research objectives
The concept of brand effect has inspired much interest among academics and practitioners alike within the field of marketing and consumer behavior. This research will attempt to: establish the characteristics of Chinese consumers’ behavior; establish the characteristics of Irish consumers’ behavior; identify how brands can influence purchasing behavior; and lastly, identify what other facts can influence purchasing behavior.
Chinese consumer behavior and culture
For Chinese in China, the consumer’s expectations of product quality in general have been on the rise in the past years — probably because of the increase in income as well as sociological forces. Chinese consumers in Ireland, however, have been used to a certain level of quality. Chinese consumers in Ireland pay attention to aesthetic and social value rather than just focusing on the basic needs that go along with buying new products (warmth or protective functions in clothing, for example). Chinese consumers are less impulsive, in general, and will probably spend more time browsing before finally settling on a purchase item. This is probably a cultural element that has remained with the Chinese in Ireland. “In Chinese cities, window-shopping and browsing are favorite weekend pastimes” (Yi-you 2004).
An aspect of Chinese consumer culture that must be mentioned is the fact that Chinese culture is very influenced by other buyers. The typical Chinese consumer does not want to be among the first to try a new product, but the discomfort of being “behind the times” may lead them to believe that if the neighbors have it, then they ought to have it too (Yi-you 2004). The strong collective characteristics may imply that informal channels of communication are important in Chinese society (2004). Chinese consumers also tend to depend more on word-of-mouth information because they have a higher contact rate among group members.
Because of the influence of the cultural factor among Chinese consumers, specialty stores are very successful — especially apparel retail stores (Yi-you 2004). Another aspect of Chinese consumer behavior has to do with the way in which they like to shop. Chinese consumers prefer to shop in an environment that is free of interference. In a store where the sales people are too eager to help, Chinese buyers may becomes uneasy and choose to leave the store.
Brand effect and the Chinese
The brand effect on the Chinese consumers’ purchase willingness is considerable (Yi-you 2004). The reputation and track records of the brand almost always acts as the criterion by which the quality of the product will be considered (2004).
Studies of Chinese culture and its relationship to consumer habits indicate that people do not express their dissatisfaction as readily or directly as those accustomed to Western cultures (Yi-you 2004). However, Chinese consumers are still known to complain. What is clear is that consumers in Western world behave in very different ways than Chinese consumers — even outside of their home country.
Yi-you (2004) notes that during the “immature stage of behavior, consumers’ limited experience with modern marketing makes them depend on reputable brands and track records.” Oftentimes, consumers may look at a product’s price and decide whether or not the product is of good quality (e.g., higher price = higher quality). For the Chinese, the brand effect is very important. In China, brands accounted for one-third to one-half of all consumers’ expressions of intent to purchase (2004). As an indicator of the importance of a brand name, Chinese culture has allowed for Chinese to wear the makers’ tags on the sleeves of their suits and the brand name stickers on their sunglasses — even though Western practices would be shun this (2004).
For Chinese in Ireland (or other Western countries), consumers are less likely to view the brand as the most important aspect of a product. Factors for Chinese living in Ireland may pay more attention to style, quality, cutting and fitting, color, ease of maintenance, the customer service in a store, price, and shop image (Yi-you 2004). This is even occurring in China today, which implies that consumers are gradually becoming more advanced in their buying requirements and that they are not as influenced (or deceived) by a brand name (2004).
While consumer behavior has matured for Chinese consumers, the brand effect still works — that is, it’s not failing. Yi-you (2004) asserts that “consumers’ emphasis on style, quality, workmanship and so on brings an opportunity to expand the brand effect, because a successful brand should be the synonym of a popular product with good style, high quality, good workmanship and so on.”
Chinese people like specialty stores as opposed to shopping malls, boutiques and/or department stores because specialty stores often have specific brands. Specialty stores often sell just one label or brand. “Strong brand information makes specialty stores effective channels in attracting early sympathizer” (Yi-you 2004). Many Chinese consumers will seek out a product at a specialty store and ask for information and specification details about the product. This helps them find a sense of security and comfort about the product. Yi-you (2004) states that this is true even with garment fashion brands. Chinese consumers want to know where it came from, how the brand became an international brand, and its world-wide market status as well (2004).
This information suggests that the brand effect is very successful when it comes to Chinese consumers. In China, specialty stores are usually the stores with the most potential for successful development.
Brand Preferences and Society and Culture
The social and cultural background of consumers clearly influences overall consumption spending as well as product and brand preferences (Garner 2005). In most cultures, Chinese and Irish included, self-improvement is a major trend in consumption. In Chinese culture, specifically however, self-improvement reflects traditional values as well as the upward mobility of the current younger generation who have the aspirations to work in big multinational firms, own their own companies (urged by the generation of Internet millionaires), and gain education experience overseas, which is what is occurring with the Chinese in Ireland now. “Two years ago it was reported that the best-selling publication in the busiest bookstore in Shanghai was the English dictionary” (2005). The country of China itself is now more open to outside influence than ever before in history — as well as it being more open to trade, in general. Income and wealth inequality has risen significantly. Today there is more money for younger Chinese to travel outside of China for education and travel.
Purpose of marketing
The whole point of marketing — at least good marketing — is to consciously come up with a way of determining exactly what kind of brand to offer consumers and what kind of experience one wants to create for them. Certain brands have become a part of pop culture — such as Levi’s, Apple, Coca-Cola, McDonald’s, Guess, Ikea, Target, Starbucks, Chanel, Nike, Gucci, Calvin Kline, and Microsoft — among many others.
In 2001, the Chinese government launched the “going abroad” policy, encourage Chinese companies to invest and create Chinese brands in international markets. However, The Journal of Asia Business Studies reported in an article entitled, “Irish consumers’ perception of Chinese brands and how to improve the ‘made in China’ image,” that perceptions of Chinese brands among Western consumers have been shown to be consistently low, especially among European consumers (Wang & Gao 2010).
Irish consumer behavior
In a study conducted by Empathy Research in 2009, 87% of the surveyed sample of Irish individuals (a total of 1,002) said that they were very conscious of price when shopping for grocery items and 79% of individuals said they would be willing to switch to a non-brand if they were to pay lower prices. Fifty-eight percent of individuals stated that they are now shopping more than ever in discount stores (such as Aldi and Lidl).
Empathy Research (2009) found that 83% of Irish people are now shopping around to find better prices, 78% said that they now wait for sales when it comes to buying non-essential items. Seventy-five percent of individuals surveyed said that they have cut back their spending on non-essential items as well.
Mintel Oxygen Reports (2009) reported that consumer attitudes are significantly changing in Ireland. This report provides a snapshot of Irish consumers’ attitudes and behavior and shows that those of all ages and socio-economic backgrounds are feeling the effects of recession, though to varying extents — personally, financially and professionally.
The report shows that low key behavioral differences such at shopping at discounter, or buying own-label instead of premium brands is helping Irish people deal with the economic downturn affecting the world. According to the report, over a third (38%) of Irish consumers will think twice about spending more on premium brands in the future. One in five (20%) said they will buy more local produce to protect local jobs (Mintel 2009).
In an article entitled “Irish consumers’ ‘changing behavior'” (2010), RTT News reported that there is a new way that consumers are shopping in the Republic of Ireland. Two-thirds of consumers are spending more time hunting for values as opposed to simply seeking out brand names. Price Waterhouse Coopers conducted a survey that found that 65% of Irish consumers are now buying ‘clever’ and spending considerable time searching for values, about 55% are buying less and 35% are buyer cheaper (non-brand) items.
Significance of consumer goods
Consumer goods have a significance that goes way beyond their utilitarian character and commercial value. That significant depends on their ability to carry and communicate cultural meaning. The cultural meaning and consumption of consumer goods is always changing. “Cultural meaning flows continuously between its several locations in the social world, aided by the collective and individual efforts of designers, producers, advertisers, and consumers” (McCracken 1986). Cultural meaning is located in three places: the culturally constituted world, the consumer good, and the individual consumer, and it moves in a trajectory at two points of transfer: world to good and world to individual (1986).
Cultural, social, personal and psychological characteristics
Consumer purchases are strongly influenced by cultural, social, personal, and psychological characteristics. Cultural factors are the broadest and the deepest influence on consumer behavior. The marketer must understand the specific roles played by the buyer’s culture, subculture, as well as social class. Culture is the most fundamental cause of a person’s wants and behaviors. The differences between what Irish and Chinese will want in terms of brands will be impacted by the society they grew up in and what the basic values of that culture and society were — as well as perceptions, wants, and family behaviors (Kotler & Armstrong 1998).
Subculture plays an important role as well; subcultures are groups of people within a culture who share common values or common life experiences. Nationality groups such as the Chinese in Ireland are found within larger communities and have distinct ethnic tastes and interests. Racial groups — such as the Chinese in Ireland as well — will have very distinct culture styles and attitudes that set them apart from the Irish. These subcultures can make up very valuable market segments and marketers will design products tailored to meet these people’s requirements (Kotler & Armstrong 1998).
Social class is another important aspect that must be considered when contemplating buying behavior. Social class, it must be noted, is not solely determined by income, but it is also determined by similar values, interests — and behaviors. People in the same social class tend to have very similar buying behaviors. This is where there will be distinct brand preferences in categories like clothing, home furnishings, and cars (Kotler & Armstrong 1998)
Price comparison
Price comparisons of branded goods, once the normal part of advertising, are now less prevalent in Ireland, according to an Irish times (2009) report. Price comparisons with branded goods are now mainly used to say “just as cheap” rather than “cheaper than” advertising, according to the article. The reasons for this occurrence is that there are no real “like-for-likes when it comes to own-label product comparisons” (2009). Heavy discounting on private label goods is much easier because of the retailers’ level of control with the entire process.
7. Methodology
The research will aim to measure to what extent social, cultural, personal and psychological elements play a part in what consumers decide to buy and then repeatedly buy.
8. Data Collection
Two hundred households will be surveyed in Ireland — 100 Chinese homes and 100 Irish homes. The families will be surveyed on what brands or non-brands they buy, why they choose those brands (price, brand, only brand that makes that particular item, etc.). When the surveying is complete, the data will be measured using quantitative comparative analysis.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Antonides, Gerritt. & van Raaij, W. Fred. (1999). Cases in consumer behaviour.
John Wiley & Sons.
Gerrit’s (1999) book offers a selection of case studies which look at different aspects of the European consumers’ behavior. The studies consider personal consumer choices and interactive household decision making; cultural and social effects on consumer behavior; new product development and diffusion in various countries; marketing communications; and consumer satisfaction and welfare.
Bloomberg Businessweek. (2004). Ireland: A nation of immigrants? Retrieved 28
July 2010 from:
http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_30/b3893085_mz054.htm
This article discusses the reasons foreigners — especially Chinese travelers — tend to flock to Ireland; however, the article notes that the welcoming may be short-term.
Doctoroff, Tom. & Sorrell, Sir Martin. (2007). Billions: Selling to the new Chinese consumer. Palgrave Macmillian.
Doctoroff and Sorrell’s (2007) book covers three main areas: the importance of culture in shaping buying decisions; coming up with relevant brand vision; and the pitfalls that often cause multinational brands and their local competitors fail because they lack knowledge about the culture and they are much too rigid.
Empathy Research. (2009). Retail intelligence survey findings: Awareness & purchase of Irish brands. http://www.empathyresearch.ie/irish-brands-research.aspx
This survey conducted by Empathy Research (2009) was executed online by members of Pigsback.com between the 30th of September to the 1st of October 2009 and surveys persons living in Dublin, Munster, Connaught/Ulster, and the rest of Leinster about Irish brands.
Garner, Jonathan F. (2005). The rise of the Chinese consumer: Theory and evidence.
John Wiley & Sons, First edition.
Garner (2005) argues in this book that by the year 2014 the Chinese consumer will likely have replaced the U.S. consumer as the engine of growth in the global economy. In order to identify what the most successful brands are likely to be, Garner conducted a comprehensive survey of consumer attitudes and preferences, covering 2,700 persons in eight major cities in China.
Ireland: A nation of immigrants? (2004, July 26). Bloomberg Business Week.
http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_30/b3893085_mz054.htm
This article discusses how and why so many foreigners are flocking to Ireland and what the company is doing to lure or sway them.
Jacoby, J. And R.W. Chestnut (1978). Brand loyalty: Measurement and management. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
This book by Jacoby and Chestnut (1978) investigates the relationship between relative attitude and repeat purchasing.
Joseph, Jim. (2010) The Experience effect: Engage your customers with a consistent and memorable brand. New York: AMACOM.
Joseph (2010) insists that when people pay money for a product or service, there is much more that goes into that decision rather than just the product and/or service itself. He discusses the overall buying process, how consumers respond to marketing messages, the advertising, the sales approach and customer service, the Web site, as well as any type of interaction with company personnel.
Kilduff, Martin. & Corley, Kevin G. (1999). The Diaspora effect: The influence of exiles on their cultures of origin. Management, Vol. 2(1), 1-12.
Kilduff and Corley (1999) examine the influence that exiles have on the cultures that they have left behind. When people break from the traditional routines of their culture and country, they look ahead to their intended destinations, but they look back to their homelands as well. The authors suggest that the “backward glance” may have the most powerful after effects.
Kosenko, Rustan. & Krishnan, R. (Winter 1990). Consumer price limits and the brand effect. Journal of business and psychology, 5(2), 153-159.
Kosenko and Krishnan (1990) examine the effect of a brand name — present/absent condition — on consumer price limits. The study shows that brand name affects price perception.
Kotkin, Joel. (1992). Tribes: How race, religion, and identity determine success in the new global economy. New York: Random House.
Kotkin (1992) relates tribal values to economic prosperity in this book that serves as an analysis of ethnicity and the global economy.
Kotler, Philip. & Armstrong, Gary. (1998). Principles of marketing. Prentice Hall
College Division; 8th edition.
This book is an introduction to modern marketing which illustrates how to apply basic concepts and practices of modern marketing as they are used in various settings.
McCracken, Grant. (June 1986). Culture and consumption: A theoretical account of the structure and movement of the cultural meaning of consumer goods.
Journal of consumer research, 13, 71-78.
McCracken’s (1986) discusses the cultural meaning in consumer society and how it moves from one location to another. Cultural meaning moves first from the culturally constituted world to consumer goods and then from these goods to the individual consumer, according to the author. This article examines and analyzes the movement of cultural meaning theoretically, showing both where cultural meaning has taken up place in the contemporary North American consumer systems and the means by which the meaning is transferred from one location in this system to another.
Mintel Oxygen Reports. (2009). Consumer thriftiness likely to outlive the recession.
Mintel press release. Retrieved 25 July 2010 from:
http://www.mintel.com/press-centre/press-releases/391/consumer-thriftiness-likely-to-outlive-the-recession
Changing attitudes in Ireland were revealed in this September 2009 study entitled (Irish lifestyles 2009). This report shows that Irish people are struggling and coming to terms with the economic recession. The report shows that Irish people are now buying fewer premium brands and shopping more at discount stores.
O’Toole, Fintan. (1997). The Ex-isle of Erin: images of a global Ireland. Dublin: New
Ireland Books.
O’Toole’s (1997) book is comprised of 14 essays commissioned by the Irish Times. O’Toole focuses on the give-and-take of global culture, with an emphasis placed on that between the United States and Ireland.
RTT News. (2010). Irish consumers’ ‘changing behavior.’ RTT news. Retrieved 26
July 2010 from: http://www.rttnews.com/ArticleView.aspx?Id=1182553
This article discusses a survey conducted by Price Waterhouse Coopers that revealed that 65% of Irish consumers are now buying ‘clever’ and 35% are buying cheaper products.
Stafford, James E. (1966). Effects of group influences on consumer brand preferences.
Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 3(1), 68-75.
Stafford’s (1966) exploratory study attempts to identify if and how informal social groups influence the brand preferences of their members. The results that are suggested are, first of all, that consumers are influenced by such groups and, second, that the extent and degree of brand loyalty behavior within a group is more closely related to the behavior of the informal leader than to the cohesiveness of the group.
Swarbrooke, John. & Horner, Susan. (2006). Consumer behaviour in tourism, second edition. Butterworth-Heinemann; 2nd edition.
This book by Swarbrooke and Horner (2006) is a critical approach to quality management techniques and tools that challenge conventional thinking in the context of the international tourism industry.
Wang, Jing. (2010). Brand new China. Harvard University Press.
Wang’s (2010) book offers a fresh perspective on the advertising and marketing culture of China. It also delves into branding and advertising topics in modern China. Wang opens to the door to an advertising agency to show how American branding theories and models have influenced Chinese branding.
Wang, Xiaoxia. & Gao, Yuhui. (2010). Irish consumers’ perception of Chinese
brands and how to improve the ‘made in China’ image. Journal of Asia
business studies, 4(2), 80-85.
This research by Wang and Gao (2010) investigates the Irish consumers’ perception of Chinese brands as well as what can be done to improve the image of China’s products.
Workers of the world. (1997, November 1). The Economist, 345(8045), 81-82.
This is an article focused on individuals who move away from their native lands to make a better life for themselves.
Yi-you, Li. (April / June 2004). Brand effect on consumer behaviour in China. Fibres & textiles in Eastern Europe, 12(46), 10-11.
Yi-you’s (2004) article discusses how China, because of major foreign investment, has experienced major growths in exports. China’s market is becoming an increasingly important market in the world today. The article features a review of consumer behavior in China as well as discussions of brand effect in China.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Antonides, Gerritt. & van Raaij, W. Fred. (1999). Cases in consumer behaviour. John Wiley & Sons.
Bloomberg Businessweek. (2004). Ireland: A nation of immigrants? Retrieved 28
July
2010 from:
http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_30/b3893085_mz054.htm
Doctoroff, Tom. & Sorrell, Sir Martin. (2007). Billions: Selling to the new Chinese consumer. Palgrave Macmillian.
Empathy Research. (2009). Retail intelligence survey findings: Awareness & purchase of Irish brands. Retrieved 27 July 2010 from: http://www.empathyresearch.ie/irish-brands-research.aspx
Garner, Jonathan F. (2005). The rise of the Chinese consumer: Theory and evidence.
John Wiley & Sons, First edition.
Ireland: A nation of immigrants? (2004, July 26). Bloomberg Business Week.
http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_30/b3893085_mz054.htm
Jacoby, J. And R.W. Chestnut (1978). Brand loyalty: Measurement and management. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Joseph, Jim. (2010) The Experience effect: Engage your customers with a consistent and memorable brand. New York: AMACOM.
Kilduff, Martin. & Corley, Kevin G. (1999). The Diaspora effect: The influence of exiles on their cultures of origin. Management, Vol. 2(1), 1-12.
Kosenko, Rustan. & Krishnan, R. (Winter 1990). Consumer price limits and the brand effect. Journal of business and psychology, 5(2), 153-159.
Kotler, Philip. & Armstrong, Gary. (1998) Principles of marketing. Prentice Hall College
Division; 8th edition.
Kotkin, Joel. (1992). Tribes: How race, religion, and identity determine success in the new global economy. New York: Random House.
McCracken, Grant. (June 1986). Culture and consumption: A theoretical account of the structure and movement of the cultural meaning of consumer goods.
Journal of consumer research, 13, 71-78.
Mintel Oxygen Reports. (2009). Consumer thriftiness likely to outlive the recession.
Mintel press release. Retrieved 25 July 2010 from:
http://www.mintel.com/press-centre/press-releases/391/consumer-thriftiness-likely-to-outlive-the-recession
O’Toole, Fintan. (1997). The Ex-isle of Erin: images of a global Ireland. Dublin: New
Ireland Books.
RTT News. (2010). Irish consumers’ ‘changing behavior.’ RTT news. Retrieved 26
July 2010 from: http://www.rttnews.com/ArticleView.aspx?Id=1182553
Stafford, James E. (1966). Effects of group influences on consumer brand preferences.
Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 3(1), 68-75.
Swarbrooke, John. & Horner, Susan. (2006). Consumer behaviour in tourism, second edition. Butterworth-Heinemann; 2nd edition.
Wang, Jing. (2010). Brand new China. Harvard University Press.
Wang, Xiaoxia. & Gao, Yuhui. (2010). Irish consumers’ perception of Chinese brands and how to improve the ‘made in China’ image. Journal of Asia business studies,
4(2), 80-85.
Workers of the world. (1997, November 1). The Economist, 345(8045), 81-82.
Yi-you, Li. (April / June 2004). Brand effect on consumer behaviour in China. Fibres & textiles in Eastern Europe, 12(46), 10-11.
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The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
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Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore.
That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe.
You have to be 100% sure of the quality of your product to give a money-back guarantee. This describes us perfectly. Make sure that this guarantee is totally transparent.
Read moreEach paper is composed from scratch, according to your instructions. It is then checked by our plagiarism-detection software. There is no gap where plagiarism could squeeze in.
Read moreThanks to our free revisions, there is no way for you to be unsatisfied. We will work on your paper until you are completely happy with the result.
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